July 30, 2010
July 30, 2010 (GDP Byte)
By David Rosnick
Surge in imports limits final demand to 1.3 percent growth
Gross Domestic Product grew at a 2.4 percent annualized rate in the second quarter of 2010. Final demand from domestic sources contributed 4.12 percentage points to GDP — the largest quarterly contribution to growth since 2003.
The largest contributor to final domestic demand came in fixed investment, which grew at a 19.1 percent annualized rate since the first quarter. Outsid e of nonresidential structures, the growth in investment was broadly-based. Equipment and software grew at a 21.9 percent annualized rate — the third straight quarter of double-digit growth in that category of investment — adding 1.36 percentage points to GDP growth.
Residential investment contributed a little more than one quarter of the growth in fixed investment. This increase is likely driven by a surge in home sales as households raced to claim expiring tax credits. The feeson sale s of existing homes are included in this spending category, so the 27.9 percent annualized growth in residential investment is surely masking much weaker construction activity.
This is not the first time since the collapse of the housing bubble that home construction has contributed to GDP growth. In the advance estimates of GDP for the third quarter of 2009, residential investment was reported as growing 23.4 percent — only to be revised down to a more modest 10.6 percent and resuming its fall over the next two quarters. It would be surprising if such growth could be sustained for long, given the recent deflation in the price of housing.
After fixed investment, consumption contributed 1.15 percentage points to GDP growth — an annualized increase of 1.6 percent over the previous quarter. Durable goods drove the increase in consumption, increasing at a 7.5 percent annualized rate. Nondurables grew only 1.6 percent and services 0.8 percent over the same period.
The last component of final domestic demand — government — contributed 0.88 percentage points to growth. The 9.2 percent increase in federal government expenditures came in large part due to a 7.4 percent annualizedincrease in defense spending, but the 2010 census also contributed to federal expenditures. State and local government expenditures increased at a modest 1.3 percent rate since the first quarter.
While the growth in final domestic demand is welcome, the increase in demand was met in large part by a 28.8 percent increase in imports, which removed 4.00 percentage points from GDP growth. Including exports, the foreign sector subtracted 2.78 percentage points from growth overall. Adding the effects of the foreign sector to the 4.12 percentage points of domestic demand, final demand for goods and services contributed only 1.35 percentage points to GDP.
The remaining 1.05 percentage points of growth came in the form of continued inventory accumulation. Changes in private inventories accounted for more than half of GDP growth in the previous three quarters, and nearly any downward revision to final demand for the second quarter would bring the total to four consecutive quarters.
It should be noted that this report included substantial revisions to data over the last few years. In particular, the rate of GDP growth is now reported as more even over 2009, with higher(less n egative) growth in the first quarter and less growth in the third and fourth quarters. Consequently, we can expect the productivity numbers for the latter quarters to be revised downward by about 0.6 percentage points.
Though there are hopeful signs in this report, many serious weaknesses remain. Inventory accumulation continues to be a significant driver of economic growth — a cycle that must end soon. Increased fixed investment is welcome from the standpoint of domestic demand, but with a glut of real estate and capacity utilization at only 72 percent as of February, it is unclear what benefit it may serve. Furthermore, if the increased investment is derived primarily from imports, a virtuous cycle of growth is unlikely to result. Finally, as the government stimulus spending peaks and the additional spending on the census winds down, it is unclear that there are sustainable sources of growth in the economy.
